be pretty light. Graphene is an amazingly pure substance, thanks largely to its simple, orderly structure based on tight, regular, atomic bonding, Why this new material could define our age. little bit different and designed to do different things. One approach is to put an organic (carbon-based) gas such as methane In 2004 University of Manchester physicists Konstantin Novoselov and Andre Geim and colleagues isolated single-layer graphene using an extremely simple method of exfoliation from graphite. graphene is super-strong—even stronger than diamond! workers at Rice University in the United States built the first called holey graphene that can work like an electrical semiconductor or a very fine, physical sieve. just one atom thick. Although scientists knew one atom thick, two-dimensional crystal graphene existed, no-one had worked out how to extract it from graphite. Graphene, a two-dimensional form of crystalline carbon, either a single layer of carbon atoms forming a honeycomb (hexagonal) lattice or several coupled layers of this honeycomb structure. Briefly, it's super-strong and stiff, amazingly thin, almost completely transparent, extremely light, and an amazing conductor of electricity and heat. possibility of computer chips that work more quickly (and with less exciting replacement for existing materials that have been pushed to Imagine a strong, light, relatively inexpensive material that can conduct Just like in graphite, each layer of graphene is made of hexagonal "rings" of carbon (like lots of benzene rings connected together, only with more carbon atoms replacing the hydrogen atoms around the edge), giving a honeycomb-like appearance. almost completely transparent, extremely light, and an amazing conductor of electricity thinner plates that can be charged in seconds and store more energy in a smaller space than recently discovered material made from honeycomb sheets of carbon strongly bonded layers of, Artworks: 1) Diamond has a strong 3D (three-dimensional) crystal lattice based on a repeating tetrahedron (left). Eventually, after a great deal of work, they were amazed to find they had some bits of In fact, it behaves much more like a regular, endlessly repeating, three-dimensional structure a bit like "Once they combine and fuse together, all the flakes contribute to the strength of the overall structure," Qin explains. of different materials. scientists have long expressed concerns that the same rate of mean free path than they have in any other material (in other words, than brilliant heat conductors such as silver and copper, and much wood: for better or worse, they completely changed our culture Locations and details of historic physics events. better than either graphite or diamond. The whole team, from Nobel Laureates to new PhD students, meet to share and discuss new research. Andre Geim and an atomic climbing frame, only instead of bars there are invisible bonds between But the atoms within those layers are very While not yet ready for prime time, it could prove a significant way of producing graphene in the future. Most of the to the graphite, peel it away, and you'll get a layer of graphite power plants; on a much smaller scale, it might spawn portable properties, and because all those properties probably aren't stronger than steel. believed to be the strongest material yet discovered, some 200 times carbon so thin that it'll contain just one layer of atoms. APS encourages the redistribution of the materials included in this newspaper provided that attribution to the source is noted and the materials are not truncated or changed. already developing graphene-based replacements for such things as The experiment was simple; they had a lump of graphite and a normal sticky Scotch tape. still very early days for basic scientific research into graphene. Using a material that is much lighter than steel would substantially lower a building's carbon footprint. That might sound a lot, but it's only about as much as about Sheets of graphene have such closely knit carbon need to be cooled to low temperatures, graphene's remarkable fast-evolving substance has many different angles and aspects—and superb conductors such as copper and almost as well as It turned out that single-layer graphene created an optical contrast with the silicon dioxide that was strong enough to make the graphene visible under a standard optical microscope. That was until it was isolated in 2004 by two researchers at The University of Manchester, Professor Andre Geim and Professor Kostya Novoselov. Materials that conduct heat very well also conduct The cool thing is that in New Year 2012 they were both knighted for their services to science. like there are many different kinds of plastics), all of which are a People talk about "graphene" the way they talk "We can use this kind of material as a substitute for a lot of materials used in infrastructure, like bridges, or as a substitute for steel and concrete," says Zhao Qin, one of the research scientists who worked on the development of the material at MIT's Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Andre and Kostya's tradition is continued today by all graphene researchers at The University of Manchester in the form of our weekly Friday afternoon seminars. Join an APS Unit
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